Furthermore, we provide the first preclinical evidence of such cross-protection by Mtb antigen 85B (Ag85B)-early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) fusion recombinant proteins in in vivo mouse models of Mtb and M. In this review, we discuss pre-clinical studies and clinical trials of subunit or whole mycobacterial vaccines for TB and leprosy and reflect on the development of vaccines that could provide protection against both diseases. New TB subunit vaccines currently evaluated in human phase I and II studies indeed often contain antigens with homologs in M. leprae, it is well possible, however, that new TB vaccines could cross-protect against leprosy. Given the similarities in antigenic makeup between the pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) and M. The impact of BCG on leprosy, however, is significant, and the introduction of new TB vaccines that might replace BCG could, therefore, have serious impact also on leprosy. Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only available TB vaccine, provides insufficient and inconsistent protection to pulmonary TB in adults. For TB, there has been a similar emphasis on such diagnostic tests, while increased research efforts have also focused on the development of new vaccines.
For leprosy, there has been an increased emphasis on developing tools for improved detection of infection and early diagnosis of disease. Both poverty-related mycobacterial diseases require better tools to improve disease control. Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy still represent significant public health challenges, especially in low- and lower middle-income countries.
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